Risk Factors For Inpatient Mortality Research Articles

In-hospital mortality trends after surgery for traumatic thoracolumbar injury: A national inpatient sample database study

IntroductionGiven the increasing incidence of traumatic thoracolumbar injuries in recent years, studies have sought to investigate potential risk factors for outcomes in these patients. Research questionThe aim of this study was to investigate trends and risk factors for in-hospital mortality after fusion for traumatic thoracolumbar injury. Materials and methodsPatients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion after traumatic injury were queried from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2012 to 2017. Analysis was performed to identify risk factors for inpatient mortality after surgery. ResultsPatients in 2017 were on average older (51.0 vs. 48.5, P = 0.004), had more admitting diagnoses (15.5 vs. 10.7, p < 0.001), were less likely to be White (75.8% vs. 81.2%, p = 0.006), were from a ZIP code with a higher median income quartile (Quartile 1: 31.4% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.011), and were more likely to have Medicare as a primary payer (22.9% vs. 30.1%, p < 0.001). Bivariate analysis of demographics and surgical characteristics demonstrated that patients in the in-hospital mortality group (n = 90) were older (70.2 vs. 49.6, p < 0.001), more likely to be male (74.4% vs. 62.8%, p = 0.031), had a great number of admitted diagnoses (21.3 vs. 12.7, p < 0.001), and were more likely to be insured by Medicare (70.0% vs. 27.0%, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis found age (OR 1.06, p < 0.001) and Black race (OR 3.71, p = 0.007) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. ConclusionOur study of nationwide, traumatic thoracolumbar fusion procedures from 2012 to 2017 in the NIS database found older, black patients were at increased risk for in-hospital mortality after surgery.

Advanced chronic renal disease is an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a procedure used to alleviate portal hypertension in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. However, the risks and outcomes associated with TIPS in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the perioperative outcomes of TIPS procedures in patients with advanced CKD using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, a comprehensive all-payer inpatient database in the US. The study identified patients who underwent TIPS procedures in the NIS database from Q4 2015 to 2020. Patients with advanced CKD were identified using specific ICD-10-CM codes, and they were compared to patients without CKD. Preoperative variables, including demographics, indications for TIPS, comorbidities, APR-DRG subclass, primary payer status, and hospital characteristics, were noted. Perioperative outcomes were examined by multivariable logistic regression. A total of 248 patients with advanced CKD and 5511 patients without CKD undergoing TIPS procedures were identified in the NIS database. Compared to non-CKD, patients with advanced CKD had higher mortality (13.70% vs. 8.60%, aOR = 1.56, P  = 0.03), acute kidney injury (51.21% vs. 29.34, aOR = 1.46, P  < 0.01), transfer out (25.00% vs. 12.84%, aOR = 1.88, P  < 0.01), and length of stay over 7 days (64.11% vs. 38.97%, aOR = 2.34, P  < 0.01). However, there was no difference in hepatic encephalopathy (31.85% vs. 27.19%, aOR = 1.12, P  = 0.42). Advanced CKD patients undergoing TIPS are at higher risk of mortality and AKI compared to patients without CKD; HE was mildly elevated but NS. Long-term prognosis of patients with advanced CKD who had TIPS is needed in future studies.

Hepatitis A hospitalisations in the United States and risk factors for inpatient mortality: A nationwide population study, 1998-2020.

Hepatitis A virus infections in the United States have been declining; however, recent widespread outbreaks have brought the disease back into the spotlight. We aim to describe the epidemiology of hepatitis A hospitalisations from 1998 to 2020 in the United States and investigate risk factors for inpatient mortality. We utilised the National Inpatient Sample database and identified hepatitis A-related hospitalisations using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes. Demographic and clinical data including death, coinfections, comorbidities and pregnancy status were extracted. Data were analysed by logistic and Poisson regression. We identified a total of 213,681 hepatitis A-related hospitalisations between 1998 and 2020, with hospitalisation rates ranging between 22.4 per 1,000,000 and 62.9 per 1,000,000. Between 1998 and 2015, the hospitalisation rate for hepatitis A was decreasing (IRR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-0.98; p < .001); however, between 2015 and 2020, it increased overall (IRR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.21-1.23; p < .001). The overall inpatient mortality rate was 2.7%. Age ≥55 years (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.41-2.40; p < .001), alcoholic cirrhosis (OR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.64-3.90; p < .001), ascites (OR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.86-3.78; p < .001), hepatorenal syndrome (OR = 9.04; 95% CI: 5.93-13.80; p < .001), heart failure (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.29-2.39; p < .001), pulmonary hypertension (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.28-3.19; p = .003) and malignant neoplasm (OR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.25-2.45; p = .001) were associated with increased odds of mortality. Tobacco use disorder (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.38-0.70; p < .001) was associated with decreased odds of mortality. None of the hepatitis A-associated hospitalisations involving pregnant women resulted in death. Hepatitis A hospitalisations initially declined but increased rapidly after 2015. Certain risk factors can be used to predict prognosis of hospitalised patients.

Assessing the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Outcomes of Patient Admitted with Sickle Cell Disease

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy which affects millions of people worldwide. It is caused by a substitution of the glutamic acid (Glu) amino acid with valine (Val) at the sixth position of the β-globin gene, resulting in a mutated hemoglobin tetramer, HbS, in the erythrocytes of affected individuals. This morphology results in sickle-shaped red blood cells and hemolysis when deoxygenated and leads to vaso-occlusion with associated ischemia. SCD is characterized by repeated severe acute pain episodes, acute chest syndrome, and can be complicated by stroke, nephropathy, avascular necrosis, and more. Many studies have shown disparities in outcomes in racial/ethnic minorities as well as in those with lower socioeconomic status. These factors have also been linked to increased risk of COVID-19 infection and infection related mortality. In this study, we aim to explore the baseline characteristics of patients with SCD, prevalence of hospitalizations, and compare inpatient outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic with those prior to the pandemic. Methods: Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried to determine adult hospitalized patients with a primary diagnosis of SCD using ICD-10 codes. They were stratified into two cohort groups based on year of admission, comparing admissions during 2016-2019 with admission during the year 2020. Primary outcomes assessed were inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospitalization charges. Secondary outcomes included respiratory failure, need for mechanical ventilation, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), myocardial infarction (MI), acute kidney injury (AKI), pulmonary embolism (PE), and need for blood transfusions. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounding variables. Results: A total of 456, 750 patients were hospitalized with SCD. 377, 285 were admitted between 2016-2019 and 79, 465 were admitted during 2020. Age distribution and sex were similar between the two groups. Patients admitted in the year 2020 were older and had more comorbidities when compared to patients admitted during prior years. Distribution of race, insurance type, hospital type, hospital size, hospital locations, and household income was not significantly different between the two groups. In 2020 patients admitted with SCD had greater odds of developing acute respiratory failure and PE, though the overall prevalence of these secondary outcomes were very low (3.6% and 0.80% respectively). Despite these outcomes, there was no significant difference in inpatient mortality (0.31% vs. 0.23%) for SCD patients admitted during 2020 when compared to prior years. In addition, the length of hospital stay was not significantly different in these two groups as well (5.1 vs. 4.9 days). Finally, patients admitted in 2020 incurred significantly higher hospital costs than SCD during pre-pandemic years ($42, 307 vs. $36, 087). Conclusion: SCD is the most common hemoglobinopathy in the United States. The African American population is most commonly affected by this disease. In addition, it is well known that this racial minority suffers inequities in accessing and receiving health care, which is associated with worse overall outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced access to hospital services combined with fear of exposure to the virus, led to a significant drop in overall access to healthcare and treatment. In this study, we found that those with SCD admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic overall had more comorbidities and more commonly had respiratory failure and pulmonary embolism, yet there was no change in inpatient mortality and LOS for these patients. Although disparities existed during the pandemic, it is fortunate that SCD itself did not serve as an additional risk factor for inpatient mortality and hospitalization duration.

Identification of risk factors for inpatient mortality in infants and children with severe wasting and/or nutritional oedema—what next?

Identification of risk factors for inpatient mortality in infants and children with severe wasting and/or nutritional oedema—what next?

Abstract 17982: Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Bradyarrhythmia Hospitalizations: Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample 2016-2020

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with many forms of heart rhythm disorders, including bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay. Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between OSA and bradyarrhythmias. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2016 to 2020. 1,685,704 hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of bradyarrhythmias (including sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular block and cardiac conduction disorder with 1:1 AV conduction) were identified and stratified based on the presence of OSA using ICD-10 codes. Multivariate regression analysis was used to adjust for confounders and analyze the variables. Results: Out of the 1,685,704 hospitalizations with bradyarrhythmias, 204,307 (%12.1) had OSA. In-hospital mortality in patients with OSA was significantly lower (3.51% vs 5.64%; p&lt;0.001). When adjusted to patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics, independent risk factors for inpatient mortality included congestive heart failure (aOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17 - 1.27, p-value&lt;0.001), atrial fibrillation (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.10 - 1.18, p-value &lt;0.001); however conditions associated with a lower risk for inpatient mortality included previous CABG (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 - 0.97, p-value 0.004) and previous pacemaker (aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.58 - 0.65, p-value &lt;0.001). Mean length of stay (LOS) and mean hospital charges (HC) were also lower in the presence of obstructive sleep apnea compared to those without (5.28 vs 6.01 days, p-value 0.002 &amp; $90,549 vs $103,450, p-value &lt; 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Amongst hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of bradyarrhythmias, patients with OSA had better outcomes in terms of in-hospital mortality, length of stay and total mean hospitalization charges. This likely suggests that OSA-related bradyarrhythmias are a more benign and modifiable when compared to non-OSA-related bradyarrhythmias.

Risk factors for inpatient mortality among children with severe acute malnutrition in Zimbabwe and Zambia

Background/ObjectivesMalnutrition underlies 45% of deaths in children under-5 years annually. Children hospitalised with complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) have unacceptably high mortality. We aimed to identify variables from early hospital admission (baseline factors) independently associated with inpatient mortality in this cohort to identify those most at risk.Subjects/MethodsObservational study of 745 children aged 0–59 months admitted with complicated SAM at three hospitals in Zimbabwe/Zambia. Children underwent anthropometry and clinical assessment by a study physician within 72 h of enrolment, and caregivers provided sociodemographic data. Children were followed-up daily until discharge/death. A multivariable survival analysis identified the baseline factors independently associated with mortality.Results70/745 (9.4%) children died in hospital. Age between 6–23 months [aHR 6.53, 95%CI 2.24–19.02], higher mid-upper arm circumference [aHR 0.73, 95%CI 0.59–0.89], presence of oedema [aHR 2.22, 95%CI 1.23–4.05], shock [aHR 8.18, 95%CI 3.79–17.65], sepsis [aHR 3.13, 95%CI 1.44–6.80], persistent diarrhoea [aHR 2.27, 95%CI 1.18–4.37], lack of a toilet at home [aHR 4.35, 95%CI 1.65–11.47], and recruitment at one Harare site [aHR 0.38, 95%CI 0.18–0.83] were all independently associated with inpatient mortality. Oedematous children had a significantly higher birthweight [2987 g vs 2757 g, p < 0.001] than those without oedema; higher birthweight was weakly associated with mortality [aHR 1.50 95%CI 0.97–2.31].ConclusionsChildren with oedema, low MUAC, baseline infections, shock and lack of home sanitation had a significantly increased risk of inpatient mortality following hospitalisation for complicated SAM. Children with high-risk features may require additional care. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of SAM is needed to identify adjunctive interventions.

Contemporary Outcomes and Predictors of Inpatient Mortality for Infective Endocarditis Occurring in Renal Transplant Recipients in the United States

Renal transplant (RT) recipients are susceptible to infections because of immunosuppression. The literature regarding the epidemiology and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) in RT recipients is limited. We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample in the United States to study IE in RT and identify risk factors for inpatient mortality and IE development in RT patients. All patients ≥18years who had IE with and without RT between 2007 and 2019 were identified from the National Inpatient Sample. The demographics, co-morbidities, length of stay, hospital costs, and mortality of IE patients with RT were compared with IE patients without RT. Predictors of inpatient mortality for RT recipients with IE were analyzed. Between 2007 and 2019, there were 777,245 hospitalizations for IE, of which 3,782 had RT. The IE in RT cohort was younger than the general IE population and had higher proportions of males, non-White races, and Hispanic ethnicity, and higher burden of co-morbidities, but similar inpatient mortality rates. On multivariate analysis, Staphylococcal IE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 4.3, p=0.015), stroke (aOR6.4, 95% CI 2.7 to 15.3, p<0.001), anemia (aOR2.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.0, p=0.004), and shock (aOR6.3, 95% CI 3.3 to 11.9, p<0.001) were associated with greater inpatient mortality, whereas Streptococcal endocarditis (aOR0.37, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9, p=0.038) was associated with lower inpatient mortality. In conclusion, RT patients with IE were younger and had more severe co-morbidities compared with IE patients without RT. Staphylococcal IE, presence of shock and stroke worsened the prognosis in these patients.

#4820 RISK FACTORS FOR INPATIENT MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH NON-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ADMITTED FOR COVID-19 USING A US NATIONAL SAMPLE

Abstract Background and Aims Several studies reported that the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected socioeconomically vulnerable populations. No study evaluated risk factors for inpatient mortality in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) admitted with the diagnosis of Covid-19, using a US nationwide sample. This study aimed to elucidate risk factors for mortality in patients with CKD during Covid-19 admissions. Method We extracted data from the National Inpatient Sample year 2020, the largest nationally representative inpatient-care database in the US. We created a cohort of all adults with CKD hospitalized for Covid-19 by ICD-10 codes. The outcome was inpatient mortality. We excluded patients with end stage kidney disease on maintenance dialysis and transplant patients. We compared baseline characteristics and used multiple logistic regression to determine risk factors for inpatient mortality in this cohort. Results Total of 201,460 admissions with a diagnosis of Covid-19 were detected in patients with non-dialysis CKD. Table 1 showed the baseline characteristics. The mean age was 72.8±0.2 years and females accounted for 43.6%. Of all, White accounted for 52.3%, followed by Black (26.1%) and Hispanic (14.6%). Inpatient mortality was 20.9%. Table 2 showed the results of the multivariable logistic model. Older patients, Males, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores were associated with a higher risk of inpatient mortality. White patients had a higher risk compared to Black patients and Native Americans had the highest risk, followed by other ethnic minorities, Hispanic, and Asians. Those from the lowest income households had the highest risk. Admission to a rural, publicly owned hospital and those located in the West and Northeast had higher odds of inpatient mortality. Conclusion Our study showed males, race, commercial payment type, lower income, and hospital settings such as regions and location were risk factors for inpatient mortality in patients with non-dialysis CKD. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether differences in clinical practice underly some of these risks.

Effect of atrial fibrillation on mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients: A propensity score-matched analysis of nationwide hospitalizations in the United States

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias encountered in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are racial disparities in the incidence of AF and COVID-19. Several studies have reported an association between AF and mortality. However, it remains to be determined if AF represents an independent risk factor for COVID-19-related mortality. MethodsA propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was performed using data from the National Inpatient Sample to assess the risk of mortality among patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection and incident AF from March 2020 through December 2020. ResultsAF was less common among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 as compared to those who tested negative (6.8% vs 7.4%, p < 0.001). White individuals with the virus had an increased incidence of AF but had lower mortality rates relative to Black and Hispanic patients. After PSM analysis, AF retained a significantly increased odds of mortality among patients with SARS-CoV-2 (OR: 1.35, CI: 1.29–1.41, p < 0.001). ConclusionThis PSM analysis shows that AF is an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection and that White patients, while having a higher burden of SARS-CoV-2 and AF, demonstrate a significantly lower mortality rate as compared to their Black and Hispanic counterparts.

SAT-141 - Hepatitis A hospitalisations in the United States and risk factors for inpatient mortality: a nationwide population study, 1998–2020

SAT-141 - Hepatitis A hospitalisations in the United States and risk factors for inpatient mortality: a nationwide population study, 1998–2020

Use of daunorubicin and cytarabine in adults with acute myeloid leukemia and associated risk factors for inpatient mortality: National inpatient sample review.

e19029 Background: According to American Cancer Society’s 2023 estimates, Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common leukemia in adults, involving up to 34% of new cases in the United States. The conventional cytotoxic therapy in AML involves induction therapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline daunorubicin or idarubicin. The purpose of this study was to assess patient traits and disease variables augmenting mortality risk in AML patients treated with cytarabine and daunorubicin. Methods: We used the 2016-2020 National inpatient sample (NIS), via SPSS 29. 0, to find adult patients with a diagnosis of AML and use of Daunorubicin/Cytarabine. Several patient characteristics and comorbidities such as sex, race, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension were identified. The mortality rate among these patients were estimated and logistic regression models were used to report risk factors of mortality and their associated adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Our analysis found 6695 cases of AML using Daunorubicin/Cytarabine. Among them 47.1% were above the age of 60, 45.7% were covered under private insurance, 71.8% were of White race, 54.4% were males and 31.8% were smokers. 10.3% of patients were admitted on the weekend. Various comorbidities were seen including diabetes (14.7%), obesity (13.0%), hypertension (32.9%), history of old myocardial infarction (2.5%), and cirrhosis (3.0%). While admitted, patients experienced a range of side effects and complications including fever (2.2%), nausea and vomiting (9.4%), weakness or malaise or fatigue (4.4%), septicemia (18.6%), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (18.5%), cardiac dysrhythmias (16.0%), cardiogenic shock (0.5%) and secondary or unspecified thrombocytopenia (21.0%). Unfortunately, 415 patients died (6.2%) during hospitalization. A higher risk of mortality was seen in weekend admissions (aOR 1.687, 95% CI 1.227-2.318, p &lt; 0.01), those who developed septicemia (aOR 7.859, 95% CI 6.076-10.164, p &lt; 0.01), and AKI (aOR 3.095, 95% CI 2.396-3.998, p &lt; 0.01). Mortality risk was also higher in those with cirrhosis (aOR 6.367, 95% CI 4.139-9.794, p &lt; 0.01) and age more than 60 (aOR 3.174, 95% CI 2.275-4.428, p &lt; 0.01). However, a lower mortality risk was seen in patients with hypertension (aOR 0.689, 95% CI 0.518-0.918, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Various factors such as weekend admissions, septicemia, AKI, cirrhosis, and age &gt; 60 were associated with poorer outcomes while hypertensive patients had a lower mortality rate. The drawbacks of this study were that complications and side effects couldn't be quantified in proportion to doses or number of cycles received post induction with or without consolidation therapy with cytarabine and daunorubicin. Further studies in clinical settings should investigate the various disparities observed in our study.

(1117) Prolonged Inotrope Use after Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Risk Factors for Inpatient Mortality

(1117) Prolonged Inotrope Use after Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Risk Factors for Inpatient Mortality

Worse In-Hospital Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure (HF) and Concomitant Influenza Infection.

A sizable proportion of heart failure (HF) admissions is precipitated by respiratory infections. Influenza has been linked to higher rates of HF hospitalizations and in-hospital morbidity and mortality. We aimto describe the in-hospital outcomes of systolic HF vs. diastolic HF admissions with concomitant influenza infection in US hospitalizations from 2016 to 2017. Materials and Methods:We queried the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2017 for discharge diagnosis for SHF and DHF and influenza per ICD-10 CM codes. Using binominal logistic regression analysis and adjusting for demographic and comorbid conditions, we compared the outcomes of SHF vs. DHF admissions with concomitant influenza as an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality, acute respiratory failure, ICU admission,assisted ventilation, as well as length of stay, and total hospital costs. A total of 7,490,596 HF weighted admissions were analyzed, among which 0.9% had concomitant influenza infection. SHF and DHF admissions with influenza had higher mortality, ICU admission, ventilation assistance, and acute respiratory failure when compared to those without influenza. Among influenza admissions, those with SHF had higher mortality (6.6% vs. 5%, adjusted odds ratio - aOR 1.31, p<0.001) compared to DHF. While intensive care unit (ICU) admission(7.8% vs. 5.2%, aOR 1.30, p<0.001) and ventilation assistance rates (22.1% vs. 18.9%, aOR 1.15, p<0.001) were greater among SHF patients with influenza, acute respiratory failure was more common amongst diastolic HF with influenza (46.6% vs. 51.2%, aOR 0.86, p<0.001).Finally, SHF patients with concomitant influenza had higher inpatient costs ($82,788) when compared to diastolic HF patients ($66,373) and a longer in-hospital stay (7.29 days compared to 6.98 days in the diastolic HF group)p <0.001. Concomitant influenza infection in hospitalized patients with HF is associated with higher mortality, ICU admission, and the need for assisted ventilation, especially in those with SHF. A greater emphasis on vaccination against influenza may improve in-patient outcomes among HF patients.

Outcomes of Patients Who Developed Clostridioides difficile Infection During Hospitalization and Had a History of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Antibiotic use is a risk factor for developing C. difficile infection (CDI). Clinical presentations of CDI range from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. A history of anxiety increases the risk of developing irritable bowel syndrome following CDI. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common form of anxiety and is associated with several medical comorbidities. This study explores the impact PTSD has on the outcomes of adult patients who develop CDI while hospitalized.Methods: Hospitalized adults who had developed CDI were selected from the 2014 National Inpatient Sample database using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) codes. The outcomes of CDI patients with and without comorbid PTSD were explored. The outcomes assessed in this study were inpatient mortality, sepsis, hypotension/shock, acute renal failure, acute respiratory failure, megacolon, colonic perforation, and intestinal abscess. Independent t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare means and proportions, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine whether PTSD is an independent predictor of the outcomes.Results: Among 72,383 hospitalized adults who developed CDI in the year 2014, 465 also had a diagnosis of PTSD. PTSD was found to be an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality (adjusted odds ratio {aOR} 2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39-6.21, p = 0.005), and sepsis (aOR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.24-2.07, p = 0.001). However, PTSD was not a risk factor for hypotension/shock (aOR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.97-1.63, p = 0.080), acute renal failure (aOR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.81-1.28, p = 0.895), or acute respiratory failure (aOR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.83-1.58, p = 0.412) in patients with CDI. Due to small sample sizes of patients who developed megacolon, colonic perforation, and intestinal abscess, further analysis of these outcomes was not performed.Conclusion: Inpatients who develop CDI with comorbid PTSD are at increased risk for sepsis and inpatient mortality. These findings may be due to the impact of PTSD’s dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis leading to low cortisol production, increased serum cytokine concentrations, and/or increased intestinal inflammation. Awareness of these increased risks when triaging CDI patients with PTSD and possibly increased psychiatric interventions to treat PTSD may be necessary to help reduce the risk of sepsis and inpatient mortality in this subgroup of patients.

Hypertension as an Independent Risk Factor for In-Patient Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study.

Despite the lack of direct evidence that hypertension increases the likelihood of new infections, hypertension is known to be the most common comorbid condition in COVID-19 patients and also a major risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection. The literature review suggests that data is heterogeneous in terms of the association of hypertension with mortality. Hence, it remains a topic of interest whether hypertension is associated with COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. Herein, we perform a multicenter retrospective analysis to study hypertension as an independent risk for in-hospital mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This multicenter retrospective analysis included 515 COVID-19 patients hospitalized from March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: hypertensive and normotensive. Demographic characteristics and laboratory data were collected, and in-hospital mortality was calculated in both groups. The overall mortality of the study population was 25.3% (130 of 514 patients) with 96 (73.8%) being hypertensive and 34 (26.2%) being normotensive (p-value of 0.01, statistically non-significant association). The mortality rate among the hypertensive was higher as compared to non-hypertensive; however, hypertensive patients were more likely to be old and have underlying comorbidities including obesity, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer. Therefore, multivariable logistic regression failed to show any significant association between hypertension and COVID-19 mortality. To our knowledge, few studies have shown an association between hypertension and COVID-19 mortality after adjusting confounding variables. Our study provides further evidence that hypertension is not an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality when adjusted for other comorbidities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

The Effect of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection.

BackgroundThere have been varying impacts of COVID-19 on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic communities in the US. Recent literature suggests that Black Americans have the highest unadjusted and adjusted mortality rates from COVID-19, while White Americans have the lowest unadjusted and adjusted rates. However, the role of socioeconomic status and comorbidities in these disparities in health outcomes from COVID-19 are unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate how socioeconomic status and race impact COVID-19 outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in a large health care system in the Mid-Atlantic region.Material and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the association of COVID-19 outcomes and race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status using electronic medical records and the REDCap database from the time period of March 5, 2020 to June 3, 2020. The outcomes evaluated were intubation, ICU admission, and discharge destination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed to examine whether race and socioeconomic status were independent risk factors of mortality controlling for age, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and comorbidities.ResultsRace was not found to be an independent predictor for COVID-19 inpatient mortality. Race was found to be an independent risk factor for ICU admission with odds of ICU admission for Black patients to be 1.5 times higher (odds ratio (OR) 1.4 1.07 to 2.04) compared to Non-Black/Non-White (72.4% identifying as Hispanic) but no difference between Black and White races. Race was found not to be an independent risk factor for intubation nor was race an independent risk factor for increased length of ICU LOS, hospital LOS or intubation days. Socioeconomic status was not an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality although high income groups were significantly less likely to be admitted to the ICU compared to middle income patients.ConclusionOur cohort of patients in a large mid-Atlantic health system showed that there was no statistically significant difference between race or socioeconomic status and COVID-19 related inpatient mortality. However, Black patients and individuals in the lower to middle socioeconomic group had a higher rate of COVID-19 hospitalizations when accounting for age, sex, and comorbidities. With ongoing vaccination efforts, equitable administration of resources should focus on disproportionately affected populations.

Malnutrition Is Associated With Worse Outcomes of Inpatient Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.

ObjectivesEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequently used to manage pancreaticobiliary disorders in an inpatient setting. Malnutrition is prevalent among hospitalized patients, and it is generally associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, there is a lack of studies on how malnutrition affects the outcomes of inpatient ERCP. Thus, we investigated the outcomes of inpatient ERCP among patients with malnutrition.MethodsAdult patients who underwent ERCP from the 2014 National Inpatient Sample database were selected to conduct retrospective analysis. Patient demographics and outcomes of ERCP were compared between the groups with and without malnutrition. The outcomes of interest were inpatient mortality, length of stay, total hospital charge, and ERCP complications, including pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, sepsis, hemorrhage, and intestinal perforation.ResultsPatients with malnutrition had longer length of stay (15.5 days vs. 6.7 days, p < 0.05) and higher total hospital charge ($149,699 vs. $71,723, p < 0.05). Malnutrition was an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.70-3.82, p < 0.05), sepsis (aOR 2.20, 95% CI: 1.82-2.65, p < 0.05), hemorrhage (aOR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.05-2.56, p < 0.05), and intestinal perforation (aOR 4.29, 95% Cl:1.61-11.46, p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study indicates that patients with malnutrition are more likely to have worse outcomes, such as increased inpatient mortality, sepsis, hemorrhage, and intestinal perforation. Understanding the nutrition status of patients undergoing ERCP can be a useful approach for risk stratification and determining if closer surveillance of the complications is warranted.

Clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 admissions in a population with a high prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis: a multicentre cohort study

BackgroundThere is still a paucity of evidence on the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) and those co-infected with tuberculosis (TB), particularly in areas where these conditions are common. We describe the clinical features, laboratory findings and outcome of hospitalised PWH and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected COVID-19 patients as well as those co-infected with tuberculosis (TB).MethodsWe conducted a multicentre cohort study across three hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa. All adults requiring hospitalisation with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia from March to July 2020 were analysed.ResultsPWH comprised 270 (19%) of 1434 admissions. There were 47 patients with active tuberculosis (3.3%), of whom 29 (62%) were PWH. Three-hundred and seventy-three patients (26%) died. The mortality in PWH (n = 71, 26%) and HIV-uninfected patients (n = 296, 25%) was comparable. In patients with TB, PWH had a higher mortality than HIV-uninfected patients (n = 11, 38% vs n = 3, 20%; p = 0.001). In multivariable survival analysis a higher risk of death was associated with older age (Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) 1.03 95%CI 1.02–1.03, p < 0.001), male sex (AHR1.38 (95%CI 1.12–1.72, p = 0.003) and being “overweight or obese” (AHR 1.30 95%CI 1.03–1.61 p = 0.024). HIV (AHR 1.28 95%CI 0.95–1.72, p 0.11) and active TB (AHR 1.50 95%CI 0.84–2.67, p = 0.17) were not independently associated with increased risk of COVID-19 death. Risk factors for inpatient mortality in PWH included CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3, higher admission oxygen requirements, absolute white cell counts, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios, C-reactive protein, and creatinine levels.ConclusionIn a population with high prevalence of HIV and TB, being overweight/obese was associated with increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 hospital admissions, emphasising the need for public health interventions in this patient population.

POS-916 MORTALITY RATE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN HOSPITALISED COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE

After 2 years, the COVID-19 virus continues to ravage the world. Initial studies have shown increased susceptibility of chronic kidney disease patients to severe infection and mortality. We aim to determine the risk factors for inpatient mortality amongst hospitalised COVID-19 patients with kidney disease.